Information reproducing system



Dec. 8, 1959 A. J. GEHR1NG,JR., ETAI- 2,915,967

INFORMATION REPRODUCING SYSTEM 8 Sheets-Sheet l Filed Aug. 6, 1958 Dec. 8, 1959 A. J. GEHRING, JR., ETAI- 2,915,967

INFORMATION REPRonucmG SYSTEM CODE INVERTER ,c

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INVERTER PRIN T A TTbR/VE Y Dec. 8, 1959 A. J. GEHRING, JR., EI'AL INFORMATION REPRODUC ING SYSTEM 8 Sheets-Sheet -4 Filed Aug. 6. 1958 Dec. 8, 1959 A. J. GEHRING, JR., ETAL 2,915,967

INFORMATION REPRODUCING SYSTEM 8 Sheets-Sheet Filed Aui- 6, 1958 Dec. 8, 1959 A. J. GEHRING, JR., ETAI- 2,915,957

INFORMATION REPRoDUcING SYSTEM Filed Aug. e. 195e s sheets-sheet s PR//vr ACTUATOR soLE/vo/o CORE STORAGE INVENroR: ARTHUR L @EHR /Na ./R. LL @YD m STOWE BY LA wRE/VCE E HARA/50N ATTORNEY Dec. 8, 1959 A. J. GEHRING, JR., ETAI- 2,915,967

INFORMATION REPRODUCING SYSTEM 8 Sheets-Sheet '7 Filed Aux. 6. 1958 www www Em www .www www MQMNWMQ@ www Rw Dec. 8, 1959 A. J. GEHRING, JR., ETN-v 2,915,967

INFORMATION REPRODUCING SYSTEM MA//V MEMORY BAND BAND

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United States Patent() :INFoRMArIoN REraonUclNG SYSTEM Application August 6, 1958, Serial No. 753,512

18 Claims. (Cl. 101-93) This invention relates to information reproducing systems and, in particular, to high speed printers that are controllable by data processing machines which may utilize drum memories.

The state of the data handling or computer art is advanced to a degree wherein information is processed at extremely high speeds. lIt becomes desirable, therefore, to provide high speed machines with output devices, such as printers, which are capable of handling the rapid supply of information.

It is, therefore, an object of this invention to provide a novel information reproducing system.

Another object of this invention is to provide anovel printer which operates to `produce legible Vtype without undue limitation upon the speed of operation.

A further object of this invention is to provide an eiiicient and novel printer which utilizes fewer components than those of the prior art.

A feature of the present invention is that the printer herein described can decode and print out vinformation which appears in dynamic form such as the information stored in recirculating or drum type memories.

ln accordance with this invention, a rotatable type wheel has a plurality of staggered ltype columns wherein each of the type columns is provided with a plurality of alpha-numeric character type elements. The typewheel used in a preferred embodiment of the invention is described in an article by Earl Masterson and Abraham Pressman, entitled A Self-Checking High-SpeedPrinter, Special Publication T-70, Proceedings of the Eastern Joint Computer Conference, December 1954. vThe typewheel described provides a standard line of v130 columns wide, with l different characters available in each column. The preferred typewheel carries lateral rows of alternate columns, wherein, for example, one rowcontains As at the l, 3, 5, 129 columns (herein-termed an odd row); the next row contains As at the'2, 4, 6, 130 columns (herein termed an even row); the ne'xt row contains odd Bs; the following row contains even Bs; and so on.

As each row of type elements approaches under 'a line of printing hammers, a sprocket pulse generator provides an output pulse. As a row of type'elements representing similar alpha-numeric symbols approaches the printing hammers, a code generator provides an electrical representation of the next different character'to appear under these hammers. In thepreferred'enibodiment, the sprocket pulse occurs for each row; i;e. 102 times per revolution of the typewheel; whereas VVa new code is generated once per diiferenticharacter, 'i.e. 751 times per revolution of the typewheel.

Means are provided, responsive to the sprocketr pulse, to cause the printing of 'like characters in one row of the typewheel, thus causing the printing of alternate columns corresponding to the immediately precedinggenerated code, such as all the even As. This sprocket 'pulse further causes information to bestore'd relating'to characters 'to be printed -by the-following row, '-such `as ICC odd Bs. Thereafter, thefollowing sprocket pulse causes a print-out of all the odd Bs and further causes information to be stored concerning `the veven Bs to -be printed out a-t the time of the next sprocket pulse. The linventive concept of the system described applies to alternate forms of -typewheelsand related circuitry. For example, the typewheel may provide three rows of similar charf acters, wherein three sprocket pulses are generated for every different character;l other than51 different characters may be provided; even rows may precede odd rows; etc. f

A line of information to -be printed yis preferably provided by an information input vdevice in .dynamic form, such as the information stored in .recirculating or drum type memories. The line of .information to vbe yprinted occurs as coded representations of characters. The 130 characters may be considered as l13 wordsof -10 .characters each. The entire line of information .to be printed is compared for identity, one character at a time, with the instantaneous code generated by the ycode generator. This comparison takes place several times before the code generator-changes its .code ,to indicate the next charac-terto be printed out. Means are provided for initially storing the alternate `(odd, for example) comparisons of the characters for one word. A word counter, which shifts -once every word time in the information source, transfers the stored half-word comparison into a storage uriit of 65 stages. The 65-stage storage unit stores all the alternate comparisons (odd.) for one lineof z130 characters. VPrinting hammers corresponding to the stored comparisons are subsequently actuated. The input signal representing the 130 characters to be typed out is compared once more with the same -instantaneous code generated by the generator so that the .G5-stage storage unit stores the remaining alternate (even..) `comparisons. Printing hammers (even) for these comparisons are then subsequently actuated. The input signal is then compared with a charactercode for the following row of type, and so forth, until the'entire line is printed, whereupon a new input signal is provided by the informtion input device representative of the next line lof information to be printed, and the print 1paper may be `advanced one or more lines.

T he novel features of this invention and other objects and advantages thereof, together withits organization'and method. of operation, will become more apparent from the lfollowing description, when read .in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:

-Fig. l is a block diagram of a preferred embodiment o'f this invention;

Fig. 2a'is a symbolfor an and'gate and pulse formerf;

`Fig. 2b 'is a blockdiagram of the and gate and ,pulse former .symbolized in Fig. 2a;

Fig. 3a shows the symbols for a print distributor and print storage flip-flops and shows desired lcou:- plings therebetween; v p

Pig. 3b isa block diagram of the print distributor and print storage flip-flops symbolized in Fig. 3a;

Fig. 4a is a symbol Vfor final code storage tiip-op;

'.Pig. 4`b is ablock diagram of the `final code storage Hip-flops symbolized in Fig. 4a;

Fig 5a is a symbol ofa print comparator; Y

Fig. 5b is a block diagram of the printcomparator symbolized in Fig. 5a;

Fig. '6a is a block diagram of a.core storage;

`Fig. 6b is a schematic of one of a ynumber of core units used in the core storage ofFig. 6a;

IFig. 7 is a schematic of thyratrons and print hammer actuators, shown in blockform in Fig. 1;

Fig. 8a is a symbol of a gating and -.buifer circuitl;

fig. `8b is a block ydiagram of the circuit symbolized in Fig. 8a;

gating and fbuier 9o isa block diagram of a magnetic and its associated circuitry for providing input signals to the circuit of Fig. 1; and p Fig. 9bv illustrates, in perspective, the coupling of magnetic heads with the drum shown in-Fig. 9a. Y Referring to Fig. 1, there is shown a typewheel 1.0 having 130 typeY columns in staggered relation. All of the corresponding type elements in the odd type columns, that is,-the 1st,'3rd, 5th, and 129th columns, are aligned with each other to form rows of odd column type. v,The corresponding type elements in the even type columns, ther2nd, 4th, 6th, and 130th columns, are aligned with each other, inV staggered relation with the tions Yper second. Thus, the 130 characters from the inodd columns, to form rows of even column type. The

typewheel 10 is rotated bya motor 10a about an axis 11 fto Whicha codesrdrum 12A is coupled., Each of the type columns has an associated print hammer 14, that is, '.130 Vprintfhammers for the 130 type columns. Each of .thetype columns of the type wheel 10 has a pluralityv of typeelements .equally spaced about the periphery 'of the typewheel 10. Y In one embodiment, 51 different characters are used for each typecolumn: 26 alphabetic characters, 10 numeric characters, and 15 special symbol characters `(such as punctuation). The typewheel 10 is rotated at speed sucient to print 600 lines per minute Which corresponds to a printing rate of 1300 characters per second. When the like characters on the odd type columns pass under the print hammers, a magneticallyrecorded signal on the code drum 12,is sensed by appropriate reading heads, and amplied by a code generator 16 to produce, for example, a 6 bit parallel binary electrical code on its output lines indicative of the next different character to come under the print hammers 14. Seven output lines from the code generator are shown: Six lines to represent an alpha-numeric binary code, and one parity-bit line which is also used for synchronizing purposes. Also, the code vdrurn 12 carries a separate sprocket signal track on which is recorded a vseries of pulses which are to be detected by a separate reading head and amplied by a sprocket pulse generator 181. The sprocket pulse generator 18 produces a pulse aseach row of type characters approaches the printing hammers; one sprocket pulse after the generation of a code `by the code generator 16, and another sprocket pulse before the occurrence of the next code from Vthe code generator-,16. Thus, the sprocket pulse generator 18 generates two successive pulses per each code produced by the generator 16.

The code generator 16, which amplies the magnetical 1y recorded pulses on the code drum 12,Y provides the coded signal as momentary pulses onv the output lines. In order that4 this coded signal be utilized to the fullest extent by the system, it is desirable that this instantaneous signal be temporarily stored by a storage unit. There'- fore, the seven output lines ofthe code generator 16 are coupled to set a seven-stage register of initial' code'jstorage ip-ops 2 0. A six-stage'register, termed final code storage flip-flops 22, is coupled to the six-linesignal outputof the initial code storage ilip-ops 20. The

nalncode storage ip-ops 22and its function is described in detail in connection With Fig. 4b.

` `The 130 characters, 13 words .each 10 characters long, which represent nthefline of information `to be printed 'outare stored in a dynamic memory device 24. Device 24 delivers the characters comprising the rline of inL formation onelafteranother in regular time succession. Each character is represented by a'six binary bit -parallel code appearing on Ysix voutput lines vwhereinthe time interval betweensuccessiye output Vcharacters, is equal tofcharacter 'or digitv period, and wherein all 130 characters recirulate cyclically. In a typical-example, 'source 24 may `provideY 12 digit periods 'per word, a1, though only 10;periods Y are ,used to store'the 101characters of*V a word, with'` the 13-wordscomprising the line recirculating ata ratemof '3 5 00complcte recirculaformation input device recirculate approximately 3 times during the period that each row of characters is under the print hammers.

The six-bit per character code generated by the information input device corresponds to the six-bit per character code provided by the code generator. A seventh bit is used forparity purposes and for synchronizing the 'Ng odd-evenflip-flop.V A suitable code is illustrated below;

other codes may, of course, be used.

Pulse Character Pulse Character Code Code 1 010100 A 0 111000 V 0 010101 B 1 111001 1V 0 010110 C 1 111010 X 1 010111 D 0 111011 Y 1 011000 E 1 111100 Z 0 011001 F 1 000011 0 0V 011010 G 0 000100 1 1 011011 H 1 000101 2 0 011100 I 1 000110 3 1 100100 J 0 000111 4 0 100101 K 0 001000 5 0 100110 L 1 001001 6 1 100111 M 1 001010 7 1 101000 N 0 001011 8 0 101001 l O 1 001100 9 0 101010 P 1 010010 period 1 101011 Q 1 010001 comma 0 101100 R 0 010011 semi-colon 1 110101 S 0 000010 hyphen 1 110110 T 0 110100 percentage 0 110111 U 0 100011 Slash (l) The signals from the information inputl device `24 and the code stored in the nal code storage p-ilops 22 are coupled to a print comparator 26 which produces 5 outputs indicative of a comparison, or non-comparison,

at its inputs. The output of the print comparator 26 `is switched into either of two paths, so as to place the output signals from the comparator in one path during the time that the odd characters of the line of information are being compared and in the other path during the time that the even characters of this line of'information are being compared. The output is therefore applied to a pair of and gates 28, 30 to provide the two separate paths. The output of the and gate 30 iswapplied through a delay 32 of one digit period to a print distributor 34. The output of the and gate 28 is applied directly to the print distributor 34. The output of the delay 32 and the output of gate 28 wouldV occur, one delayed from the other, except for the action of the .and gates V28, 30. Energizing inputs are so appliedV to the gates so that, first, both gates are never open simultaneously;v second, neither gate is 'open inthe absence of a print signal, PR, from the computer; and third, both gatesare closed during print-out, as described hereinafter. Timing Vpulses obtained from a timing generator 40, synchronized withk the character periodof source 24 and occurring during alternate character periods are 'applied to the print distributor 34 to distribute alternate comparisons, as described in greater detail hereinafter in connection with Fig. 3b. Theprint distributor 34 provides ltive loutput Vlines for carrying-.the results of alternate comparisons of oneV word. The live output lines of distributor 34 are coupled to a veestage register, shown as print storage flip-flops 36 (described in greater detail in lconnection with Fig. 3b). The print storage ilip-ops 36 temporarily s tore the output of the print distributor 34 and provide live corresponding output liners, Veach of said lines representing a comparison for'the '1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th character of a word respectively, or the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, and 10th character of a word respectively, depending upon which one vof kthe two gates 28, '30V is open. The ve output lines lfromthe print storage nip-flops V36 are coupled to ve rows of thirteenfcolumns of [a storage matrix 46, which rnay, forV example, be a core storage.Y The input device 25h' ,Stated abverproyides signals representinsa line of=infrmation to be'printed, wherein each line comprises 130 characters, wherein there are 13 words each, each word having characters. A character may include alpha-numeric, punctuation, a special symbol, and/or a space representation. Thus, the core storage 46 has five rows which represent the alternate comparisons of a 10 character word; the 13 columns represent the number of words per line. It will be appreciated that other combinations of rows and lines could be devised, and that other word lengths may be used.

The core storage 46 comprises a plurality lof core units as described hereinafter in connection with Fig. 6b. The core unit is set or placed in its "1 state by the simultaneous application of appropriate voltage levels applied on two input windings. Thus, by applying an appropriate voltage level to the row windings of the second row of core units (from the print storage fliplops 36, for example), and an appropriate level to the column windings of the first column of core units, the core unit at column one, row two is set. A print word shift counter 38 synchronized with the word rate of source 24 provides a voltage pulse, at one column at a time, to the core storage 46. The timing of the counter 38`is controlled by timing pulses from the timing generator 40. The latter element may be, for example, a delay linel with a plurality of intermediate taps (one tap per each code character period of a word), a timing track on a magnetic drum, or the like. 'I'he timing generator is synchonized with signals from the information input device 24. The print Word shift counter 38 is shifted or stepped once per word time, and is reset once per line time.

The print word shift counter 38 is of a conventional type. In the embodiment described, this counter 38 has thirteen different states, andv is shifted by a timing pulse t5 from the timing generator, once per word time. A reset pulse, provided by the information input device, resets the print word shift counter, once per line time, so as to synchronize the input signals with the proper place of storage. That is, the print word shift counter 38 is reset at such a time so as to provide an output signal on its column one line when the rst word comparison is provided by the print storage ipops 36. When shifted, the print word shift counter 38 provides an output on its column two line when the second word comparison is provided by the print storage flip-flops 36, and so forth.

The output of the print word shift counter 38 is coupled, in timed relation, to the core storage 46 by means of a gating and buffer circuit 44. The timed coupling is controlled by the output of a flip-Hop 42. (The gating and buffer circuit 44, shown in greater detail in Fig. 8b, is explained in greater detail hereinafter.) The ip-flop 42 provides an enabling output to the gating circuit during the interval when an output is available from the print storage hip-flops 36; the ip-flop 42 is reset. to provide no output during the transition period when the print storage Hip-flops 36 are reset and when the print word shift counter 38 is shifted to insure that no faulty information is stored in the core storage 46. Each of the sixty-tive outputs of the core storage 46 is applied, through 65 lines, to one grid of a respective pair of the one hundred thirty thyratrons 48. Each of the thyratrons 48 is coupled to a corresponding print-hammer actuator 50. Each of the print hammer actuators 50 is adapted to actuate a print hammer 14 so as to strike an inked ribbon 52 against printing paper 54.

The output of the sprocket pulse generator 18 is coupled to one input, each, of a pair of gates S6, 58. A second input of the gate 56 is coupled to the 7th output line of the initial code storage flip-flops 2t) (which carries the parity-bit pulse). The gate 56, which is an and gate, provides an output upon the simultaneous presence of signals at both of its inputs.

This output fromthe gate 56 is coupled to the reset terminal R of an odd-even iiip-iiop `60.l A secondinput of the gate 58 is also coupled to the 7th output line of the initial code storage flip-Hops 20. The presence of a signal at the second input of the gate 58 acts to inhibit the gate 5S. Thus, an output is provided from the gate 58 only upon the simultaneous presence of a sprocket pulse applied to its rst input and the absence of a signal applied to its second input. The output of the gate 58 is coupled to the trigger input terminal T of the odd-even iiip-flop 60. The odd-even flip-op 60 may be a lai-stable circuit of the Eccles-Jordan type, wherein a pulse applied to the reset terminal R causes the flip-flop 60 to achieve one state of operation, anda. pulse applied to the trigger terminal T causes the Hipop 60 to trigger or change its state of operation. The odd-even iiip-flop 6i) has two steady states of operation: a set state, and a-reset state. The flip-op 60 oper'- ates in its reset state upon the occurrence of a pulse applied to its reset terminal R and is set by a subsequent pulse applied to the trigger terminal T. The next pulser at the trigger terminal T resets the Hip-flop 60. The setv output terminal of the nip-flop 60 is coupled to one input of a two-input and gate 62. The output of the sprocket pulse generator 18 is coupled to the second input of the and gate 62. The output of the and gate 62 isl coupled to the reset and gate in terminal of the iinal code storage flip-flops 22. The presence of an output signal from the and gate 62 causes the final code storage flip-Hops 22 to reset and causes the code that' is stored in the initial code storage flip-flops 20 to gate into the final code storage flip-flops 22. The flip-flops 22 are described in greater detail in connection with Fig. 4b.

The parity bit line from the initial code storage ipflops 20 is connected to the and gate 56 so that the odd-even Hip-flop 60 may be reset by a sprocket pulse when the parity bit line is high Although the parity. bit line is high only for certain code combinations, it should be noted that the parity bit line is always 10W during the absence of a code. Eventually, however, uponA the occurrence of subsequent character codes generated, a high parity is provided to reset the iiip-flop 60. Once the odd-even flip-flop 60 is reset by the parity line, the flip-flop 6!) will be synchronized with the codewheel 10. by sprocket pulses applied to the trigger terminal of the Hip-liep 6G. The odd-even Hip-flop 60, therefore, is4 synchronized with the odd and even rows of type on the type wheel 10 during the warm up period of the systern. It will be appreciatedthat, due to the high speedsl involved, the odd-even nip-flop 60 is synchronized in a fraction of a second. Alternatively another characterA bit line may be used, in lieu of the parity bit line, for, resetting the flip-flop 60. Furthermore, the odd-even flip-flop 60 can be reset upon the presence of every code, from the initial code storage ip-ops 20 by coupling the ip-ilops 20 outputs through an or circuit to the and gate 56. However, the described embodiment is preferable because it obviates the necessity of using an additional or circuit in the system.

The pulses from the sprocket pulse generator 18 also are applied to a set input terminal S of a iiip-iiop 64, identilied as an lSl flip-flop. The set and reset outputs, respectively, of the ISl flip-flop 64 are applied through a pair of gates 66 and 68 to the set and reset inputs of an IS2 ip-op '70. A timing pulse from the timing generator 4@ is coupled to energize the gates 66, 68 thereby placing the IS2 flip-flop 70 in the same state as the lSl iiip-iiop 64. The timing pulses then operate to reset the ISl flip-flop 64. The set output of the IS2 flip-Hop 70 is coupled to reset the initial code storage flip-Hops 2t). The set outputs of the ISl and ISZ flip-flops 64, 70 are coupled through a buffer, or or circuit 72. The output of the or circuit 72 inhibits' the and gates 28, 30, resets the print storage ip-iops 36, and couples to the gating, and buffer circuit 44 asdescribedY in greater source, .such as a computer.

detail hereinafter.v In addition, the outputof the buier 72 is applied to sample the coreV storage 46 to provide outputs therefrom for application to theV iirst grids of the thyratrons 48. Further, the output of the buffer 72 is applied to and gates and pulse formers 74, 76. An and gate and pulse former is described in greater detail below in connection with Fig. 2b. The set output of the odd-even flip-flop 60 is coupled to a second input of the and `gate and pulse former 76. The reset output of the ip-flop 60 is applied to a second input of the fand gate and pulseformer'74. A sprocket pulse, from the sprocket pulse generator 18, is delayed by a delay means 7S and is applied to the third inputs, respectively, of the and gates and pulse formers 74, 76. Upon the coincidence of the presence of energizing levels at its three inputs, an and gate and pulse former produces a signal atk its output. The delay 78 has a dual function: first, it insures`` that the and gate and pulse formers present outputs at a time when the IS level and the oddeven iiip-op 60 are at a steady state; second, it insures thatthe firing of the thyratrons occur at the precise interval when the. printing hammers are immediately opposed the character type on` the type columns 10.

The. and gate and pulse former 74 has its output coupled to all of the second grids of alternate (even) thyratrons. VYThe and gate and pulse former V76 lhas, its `output coupled to all of the second grids of all the other (odd)xrthyratrons. Upon the coincidence ofsig- Vnals present on kboth the first and second grids of a thyratron, the thyratron fires and actuates its corresponding print hammer as described below.

-Instruction levels, such as the control signal PR, are Y applied to the an gates 28 and 30 from an external The PR signal instructs the systemthat a. printing operation is to commence. When the PR signal is absent, distribution of comparisons by the print distributor is inhibited, although data previously compared may be printed.

' Upon theapplication of a PR signal, the comparisons produced by the print comparator 26 are passed through the .and gates 28 and 30 to the print distributor 34, and hence stored in the core storage 46. Subsequently, the thyratrons 48 are actuated to cause appropriate ham- Vmers to be actuated.

1 More specifically,v the operation of the information reproducing system is'as follows. The code generator 16` ampliiies the coded' signal stored on Vthe code drum 12 Vand thereby produces a code corresponding to the next dierent type character to appear under the hammers 14. VThe code from the code generator V16y sets sirr'of the flip-ops 20 to store the 6 bit code produced by thecode generator 16 and may set the seventh flipop upon the generation of a new code character. Subsequently, the frst pulse from the sprocket pulse generator 18 is 'applied tothe gates 56, 58. The output of `the i7t h"ipop in the code storage 2t) inhibits the gate 58 and applies a permissive signal to the gate 56, thereby 'applying a Vreset pulse to the-lip-op 60 with the first-sprocket signal. In the meantime, before the Hip-flop 60 dips to reset, the sprocket pulse and the previously set Vcondition of flip-flop 60 coincidentally activates `the and gate 62 toproduce an output therefrom. This output resets the final code storage iiipops 22 and gates in thercode stored in the-initial code storagerip-ops 20. The first sprocket pulsealso sets the ISl dip-flop 64 which subsequently sets the VISZ flip-op 70 in response to'thetiming pulse t1. produced by the timing generator 40. 'I'he ISZ dip-flop set output resets the initial code Hip-flops 20.

thisrtime, the odd-even flip-flop 60 is in its reset stateQ TheY reset output from the flip-flop 60 is applied to activate the andgate arid Vpulse former V74. The Vand-gate Vand pulse former 74 is further activated vby thepIS signal froin the buffer 72V and by aV delayedv the core storage 46 to read out the'information stored in the cores to cause a line to print out of alternate (even) characters corresponding to the Vcode previously stored in the final code storage dip-flops 22. A I n The Vtiming generator resets the IS ip-flops'64, 70 thereby removing inhibit signals from the an gates 28, 30. Theinput signal from the, information input device 24 is`compared, character by character, with the code now stored in theV nal code storage ip-ops 22, by the print comparator 26. Thegate 28 is opened by the reset output of the odd-even ip-ep 60, andthe and 'gate 30 is closed d ue to the absence of a permissive signal from the set output of the odd-evenY ipiiop 60. Y Y

The output from the and gate 28 produces, in sequential order, comparisons to instruct whether or not each successive ycharacter is to be printed. However, the print distributor causes yonly every other comparison to be distributed, as described above. In accordance with the timing illustrated, only the odd comparisons from the andY gate28 are distributed, and gated into the print storage flip-flop 36.

The print storage flip-dop 36 provides five output lines for representing,a t this time, the odd characters (1st, 3rd,'l 5th, 7th, and9th) of a word. VThe print Word shift counter 38 is shifted by a timing pulse designated l5' at every word time, whereby the core storage 46 stores comparisons for -allf the odd characters of one line; that is, comparisons of the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 129th characters for one line of type.

y Subsequently, the second sprocket pulse is generated to causeV the odd characters stored in the coreV storage 46 to print out andV to cause the comparisons for even characters to occur and to be' stored in the core storage 46.- This condition occurs because the second sprocket pulse sets the iiip-ops 60 through gate 58 and the output from Vthe set-side of the odd-even ip-flop 60 activates the gate 30, wherein the gate 28 is lno longer activated. Successive signals from` the comparator 26 pass through the and gate 30 and the delay 32 to the print distributor 34. Thedelay 32 operates to'delay the train 'ofcomparisons one character time. Therefore, only even characters are distributed by the distributor 34.

As an example, suppose it -is desired to print the word ABATTUTA, as shown in the chart below. Initially, assume that the code generator produces a code for the character A. The rst sprocket pulse opens gate 2S and directs the odd As (the rst and third characters) tobe stored in the core storage 46. 'I'he second sprocket pulse directs the first and third characters (the odd As) to be printed and further opens gate 36 to` cause the eighth character (even A) to be stored in the core storage 46. Subsequently, the code generator 16 produces a code for the'character B. The rst sprocket pulse, following, causes the even A (the 8th character) to be printed'and the odd Bs (none in the example) to be stored. The second sprocket Vpulse causes the odd Bs to be printed (none) and the second character (an even B) to be stored. Subsequently, the code generator produces a code for the character C. The iirstsubsequent sprocket pulse causes this second character (an even B) to be printed and would further cause the storage of odd Cs (none, for this example).

Subsequently, the code generator produces a code for the character T. The first sprocket pulse, following, causes the odd Ts 'to be stored (the V57th,V and 7th characters). K The second sprocket pulse causes the 5th and 7th characters (odd Ts) to Vbe printed and also causes the even Ts (the 4th character) to be stored. Subsequently, the code generator produces a code for the character U. The first sprocket pulse causes the even T, that is, the 4th character to be printed and Vodd-Usl (none) 'to bestored. .The following sprocket pulse causes Ythe 'may be the letter V. The rst sprocket pulse, therefore,

character at time 't4 and -the 9th 'character at time t6. `When gate 30 is open and one digit delay 32 is operative Vthe timing of input characters to the vprint gates is delayed one pulse period whereby the 2nd character occurs at -the vinput to the print distributor 34 at time 110, the 4th lGode T.

lflip-iiop200, and gate 201, andan inverter 202. inverter has a'logical not function). lfr'omvthe or.gate 72, the delayed sprocket pulse, and an '-out'put from the odd-even flip-flop 60 are coupled to the Tthree inputs of the -and gate 201. Thepresence ofthese =three`signals sets the dip-flop 200. The IS levelis coufpled through'the inverter 202 to the reset terminal of the fan IS signal from the or gate 72. lflip-dop 200 of the faud.gate and pulse former 74 is Xapplied to the second grids of the even thyratrons. 'output of the ilip-lop v200 of the and gate and pulse former 76 is applied to the second grids of the odd causes this even U to be printed (the 6th character). 5 character at time t0, the 6th character at time t2, the '8th Therefore, in one revolution of the typewheel 10, the character at time t4 and the 10th-character at time t6. word ABATTUTA is completely printed. As shown in Fig. 3b, the pulse tm from the timing A B A T T U T A Code A generated:

'Sprocket pulse, odd As stored, even printed Store A Sprocket pulse, even As stored, odd A's printed Print A CodeB generated:

Sprocket pulse, odd Bs stored, even As printed Sprocket pulse, even Bs stored, odd B's printed Code C generated:

-Sprocket: pulse, od'd Cs stored. even B's printed Sprocket pulse, even' Cs stored, odd O'srprintecl Sprocket pulse, odd Ts stored, even Ss printed Sprocket pulse,y even Ts stored, odd Ts printed Code U:

Sprocket'pulse, odd Us stored, even Ts printed dslgocketl pulse, even Us stored, odd U's printed o e 2Sprocket pulse, odd Vsstored, even U's printed Sprocket pulse, even Vs stored, odd Vs printed.

Referring-toFig. 2b, the an gate and pulse former 74 '-(and "also '76), symbolized in Fig. 2a, is comprised of a (An The IS signal flip-Hop 200, so that the iiip-op is reset in the absence of The output of the The thyratrons.

rReferring'to Fig. 3b, there is shown, in block diagram, 'thecircuitry of the print distributor 34 and the print stor- 'agefflip-flops 36, shown in symbolized form in -Fig. 3a. "As shown in Fig. 3b, the print distributor 34 comprises ffour flip-flops 300, 301, 302, 303. Each of the flip-flops 300-303 is set by the output of an and gate 304, `305, '-306, f307, respectively. Each of the gates 304-307 is a One input of each of the gates 304-307 is activated by the output of the print gates 28 or.30. Timed input pulses (from the timing generator 40) are applied successively to the second input of the and: gates 304-307.

The timing generator 40, which, as previously indicated,

may comprise a tapped delay line having as many taps asfthere'are character periods in a word, generates, from y'each tap in succession, a series of equally spaced pulses -designated t to tu respectively and repeats the train of x pulsesk inorder. pulse to the neXt to pulse is one word time.

acters, and the timing of these signals applied by source 24 is such thatfthe 1st character in a word occurs at the output'of gate 2S, when the gate is operative, at the instant that the timing pulse Y generator generates a tm timing pulse.

VWith'this timing, the 3rd character occurs at the output "ofgateZS at time to, the`5th character attime-t2, the 7th generator is applied to the and gate 304; the pulse-t0 is applied to the and gate V305;-the `pulse lzlisapplied to the and gate 306; the pulse t4 is applied to vthe -and gate 307; and the pulse t6 is applied to the and gate 312. Therefore, alternate digit time pulses (except t8) are applied-to different and gates'304307, l312. The presence or absence, respectively, of a comparison signal applied to the print distributor 34 during the time intervals rm, t0, tz'and t4 sets, respectively, the flip-flops 300 to 303. At time t6, which occurs two digit times after t4, the flipiiops 300 to 303 are reset and their outputs are simultaneously gated through and gates 308, 309, 310, 311. The comparison signal occurring at time t6 is gated directly through the and gate 312. Therefore, the outputs of the gates 308, 309, 310, 311, 312 present comparisons for every other character of one word on ve lines, in parallel, `at time t6. These five lines from the gates 308 to 312 are coupled, respectively, tothe set terminals of Hip-flops 313, 314, 315, 316, '317. Thefflip- Hops 313 to 317 comprise the print storage ip-iiops A36 of Figs. l and 3a. These ip-ops `313 to 317 are reset by the output of an or gate 318 whoser inputs receive the IS signals and the t2 timing pulse.

Referring now to Fig. 4b, there is 4shown a block diagram of the Final Code Storage Flip-Flops 22-shown in symbolized form in Figure 4a. The Final Code Storage Flip-Flops 22 comprise six flip-flops 401 tov406, each adapted to be set, respectively, by the outputsvof six two-input and gates `411 to 416. The :six input lines to the linal code storage flip-flops 22 are applied, respectively, to one input of each of the and `gates 411 to 416.

The output of the and gate 62 (see Figure l) pro vides a reset and gate in pulse for the iinal code storage flip-flops 22. This pulse is applied to the second inputs of all the and gates 411 to 416 and also to the reset terminals of the dip-flops 401 to 406. This pulse resets all of the Hip-flops 401, 402, 403, 404, T405, 406, and further activates each of the and ygates 411 to 416, thereby permitting the dip-flops 401-406 to store the information stored in the initial code storage flipops 20. It will be appreciated, therefore, that this may be achieved by either: first, the insertion of -a delay in each of the and gates 411 through 416 to cause the flip-flops 401-406 to selectively set after being-reset; or the selection of `a ip-flop having aproperty that a signal on the set-terminal takesv precedeneeover a simultaneous signal on the reset terminal.

.the or circuit 505.

11 j. The Print Comparator 26 (seeFig. l) compares the output of the final code storage` ip-ops 22 with the output of the infomation input device24 to produce an output signal indicative of comparison. The print comparator 26 may be as shown in block diagram in Fig.

b, and reproduced in symbol form in Fig. 5a. Six lines from the final code storage Hip-flops 22 and six lines from the information input device 24 Vare coupled to the comparator 26. The comparator 26 compares the output of final code storage rip-ops 22 with the output of the information input device 24, and, upon comparison, producesan output signal labelled Print The first line 571 which carries, for example, the first signal bit of the 6 bit code from the final code flip-flop is coupled to a two-input and gate 501.Y Thefirst line 583 which canies the first signal bit of the 6 bit code from the information input device is applied to the second input of the and gate 501. Upon the presence ofsimultaneous signals on both lines 571, 583, an output signal is produced by the gate 501. The input line 571 is coupled to ran inverter .502 whose output is connected to an inputrof a two-input and gate 503. The input line 583 is coupled to an inverter 504 whose output is connected'toY the second input of the and gate 503. An output from the and gate 503 is .produced upon the presence of signals on both inputs. Thus, upon the absence of a signal on the line 571 and the absence of;a signal on the line 583, the and gate 503 produces an output level. The output of the and gate 501 is coupled to a buffer, or or circuit, 505. The output 12 produces an output only when the levels, or` signals on lines 571, 573, 575, 577,579, 581 coincide with that on the lines 583, 585, 587, 589, 591, 593.

An inverter is a device for producing the function of inversion. One input signal is supplied to an inverter, and the binary value of the output signal is opposite to that of the input signal. In other words, the output is l only when the input is O. VThe word NOT is commonly used in referring to the function of inversion, and it is said that if the input signal is A and the output is C, then C is equal to NOT A'. A convenient symbol for inversion is a bar over the inverted variable. The equation for this function Would be C=. `V

The storage 46 may use any type of bistable storage units; however, for high speed and economy of operation, a corenstorage is preferable. The core storage 46 utilizes one core per stage. Y

Referring Vto Fig. 6a, the core storage 46 includes 65 core units. Each one of these core units is identical; one core unit is shown (within dotted lines) in Fig. 6b, and is described hereinafter. The core storage 46 comprises thirteen columns of five rows each. Each of the of the and gate 503 is coupled to a second input of The or circuit 505 produces an output, therefore, upon the coincidence of the same condition on the lines 571 and 583; that is, an output is obtained from the or circuit 505 only when the 571 and 583 line levels are identical. When both the line 571 .is high and the line 583 is high, the output from the or circuit 505 is high. When the level on the line 571 is low and the level on the line 583 is low, the

.output from the or circuit 505 is high. However, .when the levels present on the line 571 and on the line 583 are not coincident, that is, one is high and the other is low, then the output from the or circuit 565 is low.

In similar fashion, the second line 573 (second bit of the 6 bit code) from the final code storage flip-flop is coupled to one input of a two-input and gate, 511;

Vand the secondf input line 585 (second bit of the 6 bit code) from the information input device is applied/ro ,fthe second input of thefand gate 511. The line 573 is coupled .through an inverter 512 to one input of a twoinput and gate 513 whose Second input receives lthe output from an inverter 514 having its input coupled Vtothe line 585 from the information input device. The

outputs of the and gates 511 andr513V are'coupl'ed to y an or circuit 515. In similar fashion, the lines/5,75,

`521, 531, 541, and 551. The lines V575, V577, 579,581 Aare connected through inverters 4522, 532, 5,42, 5,52, re-

spectively, to one input,'respectively, of two-inputandf rgates 523, 533,543, and 553. jSimilarly, lines 58j; 5,89, 591, 593 are connected, respectively, through inverters 524, 534, 544,V and 554,'respectively, to theV second` in- Yputs of the and gates 523,533, 543,'and'553.' The -outputs of thefand 'gates 521 and 523 are coupled to an for gate 525; the outputs from the' gates 531; and Y533 are coupled'to an forggate;5 35; the` outputs from -.the.and gates 541,543 are coupled to anjorfgate 545; and the outputsv from the and gates V,551and, 553

are coupled to an or gate'555,. The outputsY of fthe for circuits 505, 515, 525,535, 545, and 555` are coupled to a six-input and gateV 5,70. Thejfandgater thirteen columns of fiveV core units each is coupled, re-

spectively, to one of the thirteen lines from the gated voutputs from the print storage flip-flops 36. Therefore,

upon the presence of .signals at both row line 621 and column line 626, core unit 2126 is set. Similarly, upon the presence of signals at both row line 623 and column line 627, the core unit 2327 is set. The column lines 626 to 638 are activated in successive order each word time. During the first word time column line 626 is activated. The comparisons present on the row lines 621, 622, 623, 624, 625 are read into the first column of core units 2126, 2226, 2326, 2426, 2526. During the second word time, the line 627 from the gating and deactivated. Signals on the row lines 621-625, from the print storage flip-flops are, respectively, read into the core units 2127, 2227, 2327, 2427, 2527, constituting the second Vcolumn of core units. Y

Fig. 6b shows the circuit for a core unit. A square hysteresis loop type core 600, normally in one state, is

.placed in a second state upon the simultaneous presence lof signals from the print storage flip-flops and from the gatingV and buffer circuit 44. However, if the two lines do not carry a simultaneous signal, the core 600 remains 1n its one state. The emitter of an NPN transistor 601 -is coupled to a potential source, such as +6 volts. The

collector of the transistor 601 is coupled .to the anode of a diode 602 having its cathode coupled to a more positive source potential, such as +35 volts. The transistor I601 is normally biased non-conducting in the absence of a positiveY pulse applied to the base of the transistor 601. The collector of the transistor 601 is coupled through a resistor 603 to a source of higher positive potential, such as volts. source of +29 volts is coupled by a resistor 604 to the cathode of a diode 605 whose anode is connected to theV collector ofthe transistor 601. Therefore, in the ab- 'sence of a pulse present at the base of the transistor 601 (i.e. in the absence of a pulse from the print word counter gating circuit) the transistor 601 is biased off.

Because the base of thel transistor 601 is more nega-k.

tive than the emitter, no current ows through the transistor 601. Current flows from the'+l00 volt source,

through resistor 603, and the diode 602 to the +35 volt source. The potential of the collector of the transistor 601 is, therefore, approximately y+35 volts. Current also ows through the diode 60S and through the resistor 604 to the -29 volt source. The potential, therefore, of the cathode ofthe diode 605 is also approxi- A negative potential 13 Amately -|#35 'volts. "The cathode -of the diode 605-is coupled to the one -terminal of a core winding 606. The jother'terminal of the winding'606 is connected to the cathodeof adiode 6074 whose anode iscoupled through a'resistor608 to a negative potential source of -29 volts. No current flowsthrough the winding 606 due `to the back impedance Vof the ,diode 607. When a positive signalgof approximately |-`30 volts is supplied to the anodenof4 the diode 607 from the print storage llip-ilop, there'is not suicient potential fdiierence to cause a currentiflowthrough the core winding 606 when the trans istor`601` is cut ot. lHowever, when a pulse, exceeding ;-l6 volts, is supplied from the print word counter gating and"buifer lcircuit, the base-to-emitter bias of the tran- [sistor 601 is suchto cause conduction between the co1- leCIorandthe emitter. "The .potential of the collector of the transistor '601 therefore approaches +6 volts, thereby causing the cathode of the diode 605 to approach v+6 volts. However, in'the absence of a signal from 'the printstoragelip-ops, there is no current ow through the core winding606, due to the back bias of the diode 607. However, in the. presence of both a signal from .therprint storage "flip-Hops and from the print word counter gating andbuter circuit, the cathode of the diode 605has a potential of -l-6 volts and the anode of'thediode 607 has a potential of +30 volts. The potential diierence causes current to flow through the `,c'lio`def'607 and .through the core winding 606 thereby causing the core 60,0 to change its state orbecome set. ^The information stored in the core is read out when the IS.,line is high, .together with a pulse from the printfwor'dcounter gating and buier circuit. Current fromjthe'IS line, which may have a potential of +30 volts whenhigh, is applied through a diode'609, and ,through a core winding 610 which is in series with the core winding 606. The anode of the diode 609 is couple'dthrough a resistor 611 to a -29 volt source. Normally, inthe absence of an IS signal, the anode of the diode 609 is Ibiased negatively, so that no current flows through the 4diode 609. .However, when a positive pulse is Apresent on ,the 'IS line, the diode 609 conducts, and, inthepresence Aofapulse from the print Word counter -g'atingv and'buter circuit, the cathode of the diode 605 `isialgiproximately +6 volts. Therefore, a twenty-four volt potential difference exists across the coil 610. When the core is previously set, the IS 'signal is opposed by a high impedance caused by the set core;the core resets (changes toits onestate) and causes a readout pulse from a winding612 coupled to the core 600. When the-core is 4not previously set, the IS signal does not cause an'output to beread outfrom vthe read-out Winding 612 due to a small impedanceacross-the coils 610, 606. The coil I"612;has one end vcoupled to a -29 volt source, and the lotherend Vcoupled through a Vdiode 613, through a re- ',sistor "614, to a -29 volt-source. Upon resetting the fcore"600,A apu'lse -isfapplied across 4the serially connected 'diode A6-1'3 and resisto'r614. From the common connection of 4the :diode'613 and resistor 614, an output is ob- `-tained and ltered ybya low pass filter 615. The filtered output Jis then applied -to the first control grids of an 'associated pairof thyratrons as described in greater detail below.

'"-Referrin'g lto"1=`ig. l7, there is vshown the circuitry for 'ithethyratrons 48 and the print hammer actuators 50. The 'core lstorage 46 provides sixty-tive output lines. Each `of -the output linesfrorn the core storage 46 is "coupled-to two different thyratrons, lOne is designated vvas-=an l.odd thyratron andthe other is designated as an even vthyratron. All ofthe odd thyratrons, that is, the l11st, T3-rd, 5th, '129th `thyratron are coupled to revf-ceive, at 'their second grids, an output from the and gate and :pulse Vformer 76. All of the even thyratrons, 'such-:as 'fthe 2nd,.4th, 16th, 130th are coupled to receive, at their second grids, an output from the and gate and-pulse former 74. The output of ,the and .gate

andpulselformer*76 is described lbelow as theoldsig- "nali the `outputof vthe"and gate and pulse former74 is described as theeven signal. The odd thyratron 700 and even thyratron'750, of each pair, have their cath- `tides coupled to ground. The rst control grids'701 and A"751'of each of thev 65pairs of thyratrons are coupled, respectively, to a respective one of the 65 output lines ofA the core storage-i6. The second grids 702 and 752 of the thyratrons are coupled, through by-pass capaci- -tors l703, 753, to ground to reduce noise surges. The second grids 702 and 752 are also coupled, respectively, lthrough resistors 704, 705 and 754, 755, respectively to apotentiall source of -29 volts. The corresponding lcommon connectionsv of the resistors 704, 705 and 754, 755 are coupled, respectively, to the cathode of a diode 706, r756,` The anode of the diode 706 is coupled to receive the odd signal; the anode of the diodev756 is coupled to'receive the even signal. The anode of the rst thyratron`700 lis coupled through a resistor 707 and damping circuit 708 to one terminal of a first solenoid 709. The anode of the 4second thyratron 7-50 is coupled through Vafresistor757,\through a damping circuit 758, to one terminall of-a second solenoid 759. The other terminal yof each ofthe solenoids 709, 759, is coupled, respectively, to a resistor710, 760 to a +600 volt source, and through a respective capacitor 711, 761 to a point of reference potential, such as ground. Therefore, upon the presence of simultaneous signals on the odd line and on the corresponding core storage line, the corresponding odd thyratron I700 is-red. Similarly, upon the coincidence -of signals on the even line and one of the core storage lines, the corresponding even thyratron 750 is tired. The fir- -ing of-a thyratron causes its corresponding solenoid to foperate. Simultaneously, all the odd thyratrons, or the even thyratrons, for a particular character, are tired. That is, :all the'odd thyratrons are tired that correspond to the-oddcharacter A to be printed; then, the even thyratrons are fired that correspond to the character A xtoxbe printed; subsequently, all the corresponding odd ythyratronsxare''iired that correspond to `the character B; then,'aallthe "even `thyratrons are iired that correspond '.tolt'he character B; etc. Note, that prior to the firing rof;a thyratron700, the +600 volt source charges the ca- ;pacitor'711. Thus, when the thyratron is tired, the charge on .the Vcapacitor 711 is sucient to actuate the sole- 'noid 709, thereby reducing the surges of power that would .otherwisebe required from the power supply. After actuation of Athe vsolenoid the charge on the capacitor '711 is dissipated and the thyratron will quench.

Referringto Fig. V8b, there is shown the gating an'd bufercircuit 44 shown'in symbol form in Fig. 8a. The gating and buffer circuit 44 couples the outputs of the print word shiftcounter 33 to the core storage 46, as shown in Fig. 1. The thirteen outputs of the print word lshift counter 38 .are coupled, respectively, to one input ,of thirteen two-input and gates 801-813. The second inputs ofall the and gates 301-813 are coupled to receive yan enabling input from the flip-flop 42. Upon coincidence of an enabling output from the flip-flop 42 and a high signal on one line from the print word shift vcounter 38, the 'one and gate of the gates 801- 813 that is associated with the one high line produces a high output. Each of `the outputs of the gates 801- `813 is coupled, respectively, to one input of a corresponding buffer unit' 851-863. Each of these buffer units (also termed or circuits) 851-863 has a second input coupled to receive an IS signal. Therefore, the output of the gating and buffer circuit 44 provides a signal on only one output-line when an IS signal is absent, simultaneously with the coincidence of a high level on one of the ,thirteen'lines from the print word shift counter 38 and a high (enabling) output signal from the flip-flop 42. The gating and buffer circuit 44 provides output levels on .fall .fofiits loutput lines when an IS signal is present ,during .a .printing-operation. Thus it will be seen that Ythe print word counter operates to read print infomation vintothe core storage 46 in sequence, While the IS signal operates to Yread out all the cores simultaneously.

Referring to Fig. 9a, there is shown an illustrative embodiment for the information input device 24. The input device 24 is applied to the print comparator 26 as shown inFig. l. A magnetic drum 900 includes a main memory portion 901, a timing band 902 where timing `signals are recorded, and a buler band 903 where information to be printed out is stored. Information is read .adjacent type columns are staggered.K The characters on two adjacent print columns arehstaggered sothat only 65 characters and not 130 Ycharacters at a time are a position toprintl The two print columns maybe referred to as odd and even columns. n All 65 odd Asfor example, move in parallel into print positionff 51 f Vcharacters in sequence move onefata time-finto .print inparallel from the main memory 901 (which may be ina six parallel bit per digit form, or other multidigit, code) by a group of reading heads such as 904, 905, 906, 907, 908, 909 at a time determined by the control 911. YZfhe timing is determined by a timing track 902 having a reading head 910. The control 911, which may be part of a general computer, produces a permissive signal to read circuits 912 to permit a selected word or group of words stored in the main memory 901 to be read out and .the drum. Referring to Fig.V 9b, there is shown a perspective view of the drum with the associated buffer band heads. Each of the six tracks of the buffer band has ten associated writing heads for recording upon the buer band. However, only one of the ten sets of heads need produce signals for reading out data through read gates 916. A separate set of read heads may be used. Alternatively, the same group of writing heads may be used for reading, since all these heads would read the identical information. If an entire line of print is to be typed out,

information is transferred from the main memory portion until a totalV of thirteen words have been stored in Vthe buer band. Thereafter and upon a suitable instruction level from the control 911, the data` stored on the buier band is read out either from a separate set of read heads associated with the buffer band or from Vone set of the write headsV through a group of read gatesV 916 tothe comparator 26. vInformation, therefore, which is stored in the main memory 901 is transferred to the buffer band 903 and recorded at ten locations about the drum. Drum information may, therefore, be read out at a very high ,rate of speed (ie. ten times per revolution of the drum 900) to the comparator. By supplying input information tothe printer at a high rate, the printer is able to operate Aat Vits optimum speed, whereby printing is achievedat extremely high speeds.

intermediate taps; other known techniques may be used for timing.-

When a line isv printed out, `the print PRVsignal (apf plied to the and gates 28, is removed fromY the printer andanother line of up to thirteen Wordsto be o printed is read from the main memory `901 and -transferred to theV buffer band 903. When the entireline is s tored in thebuier band 903, the print PR signal is selec:-4 3 tively reapplied to the and gates 28 and 30 to recom- Vmence operations for a succeeding line.

,Various control Vsignals'may. be used,`s'uch as end Yof paper, .faulty operation, and the like, toV further inhibit the and gates 28 and 30 to prevent further printing output, or to cause the machine to Vcease Voperation-in case of failure of components. f

ln summarygthe information reproducing system prints a line of 130 characters. Y ,Sixty-live type columns are interlad with sxty-ve other type columnsv where twQ position, odd column first. Thepurpose of'therstag'- geredtype on a typewheel is to prevent smudging. The 130 hammers are controlled by 130 actuators which are, Vin turn, controlled by 130thyratrons. When one Vthy- Yratron tires, the solenoid in its plate circuit is actuated to drive the print hammers towardithe prntWheel to print' a character. The ring of the 130i thyratrons is controlled .by the conditions of ythe 65 magnetic cores:

A set core fires a thyratron, a resetfcore doesfnot lire a thyratron. Only 65 cores are used to fire 130 thyratrons because each core controls both.an.even thyratron and an odd thyratron. Y l

The process of comparing, setting, and sampling occurs 102 times or twice (even-odd) for eachof the 51 characters tobe'printed. v

.The setting up and sampling of'cores to print a charac- Vter is controlled by signals produced each time a sprocket lpulse isV generated. Two pulses are generated per different character, that is, v102'sprocket pulses are generated for the 51 characters. The sprocket pulse which steps the odd-even flip-flop 60 to an odd cycle from anfeven cycle generates a signal, from the and Vgate62, to reset and gate in a new character code to the final code storage flip-flops 22.

, The IS signals, which are produced by the IS flip-flops each time -a sprocket pulse occurs, inhibits the setting of cores during read-out. The IS1 and IS2 flip-flops 64 and 7,0 are sofcoupled to insure that an IS signal is available Vfor at least oneword time. A sprocket pulse (generated by the code drum 12..)Y is not synchronized with the computer timing, so that ra sprocket pulse may occur, asynchronously, as late as the pulse period immediately before the end of the word time. .Y

This invention is not limited in'scope to the particular use of core storage or of any other specific form or embodiment illustrated, but is only limited by the scope of the appended claims. Any desiredy storage may be used, such as bistable or Vtristable circuits; iiip-ops using transistors,.tubes, and the like, may be used where` desired. Furthermore, the type columns may be n other staggered relationships,.such as an alternate-three series,j whereby Y.every third column carries everythirdrow` of,elen 1ents.

Insuch an alternate-three embodiment, thyratrons may bev activated by three sets of control inputs, thereby reducing the Ycapacity of the core storage. Thercapacity of the core storage may be reduced by increasing the 'staggering Vof the typewheels, that is, if everylifth typewheelis in Valignment (live sprocket pulses per codewould be used), only one-lifthof 130, or 26, core units wouldbe utilized. .Hou/ever, the preferable embodimentis to staggeryonly i .alternately by twos, whereby, by practicingthis inven- Having thus described this invention, what is claimed is: Vl. A printer comprising means forgenerating coded signals characteristic of different charactersto be printed; -means for receiving input signals'representative of jcharacters in one line of type; means for'comparing saidlcoded `signals withsaid input signals; means Yfor storing a;fraction 'of said comparisonsat onetime andV for storing the remaining comparisons at another time;.a,pluralityof p rint Vhammers equal in number to the total number of characters in one line of type for actuation -by said storage means; and a Vtypewheel having type"elem`e'nts and adapted to receivesaidhammers I f" ZLA printer comprising means' for Ageneratingv Y signals characteristic of different characters to be printed; means for receiving input signals representative of characters in one line of type; means for comparing said coded signals with said input signals; means for storing a fraction of said comparisons at one time and for storing the remaining comparisons at another time; a plurality of print hammers equal in number to the total number of characters in one line of type for actuation by said storage means; and a typewheel having type elements arranged in staggered relation and adapted to receive said hammers.

3; A printer comprising means for generating coded signals characteristic of different characters to be printed; means for receiving input signals representative of successive characters in one line of type; means for comparing said coded signals with said input signals; means for storing a maximum of one-half of said comparisons at one time and for storing the remaining comparisons at another time; a plurality of print hammers equal in number to the total number of characters in one line of type for actuation'by said storage means; and a typewheel having type elements arranged in staggered relation and adapted to receive said hammers.

4. A printer comprising means for generating coded signals characteristic of different characters to be printed; means for producing input signals representative of successive characters in one line of type; means for comparing said coded signals with said input signals; means for storing one-half of said comparisons at one time and for storing the remaining comparisons at another time; a plurality of print hammers equal in number to the total number of characters in one line of type for actuation by said storage means; andl a typewheel having type elements arranged in staggered relation and adapted to receive said hammers.

5. A printer comprising a cyclindrical typewheel having type elements in rows which are parallel to the axis of said typewheel, there being two adjacent rows of type for each different character to be printed, said adjacent rows of said typewheel having said type elements staggered so that alternate rows of said typewheel carry alternate columns of said type elements; a plurality of print hammers parallel to the axis of said typewheel, correspondingV to the number of columns of type elements, for striking paper to be printed against said typewheel; a code generator for providing a coded signal in timed relation with the angular position of said typewheel, said coded signal-being generated at alternate rows of said typewheel, said` signal corresponding to aftypey character to subsequently appearadjacent to said hammers; a pulse generator for producing sprocket pulses in timed relation with the angular position of said typewheel, said sprocket pulse being generated whenever a row of said type elements approach adjacent to said print hammers; means for storing said coded signal during alternate sprocket pulses; means for receiving input signals indicative of successivecharacters to be printed on one line of said paper; means for successively comparing alternate ones of said input character signals with said stored coded signals; means for storing said comparisons; and means for actuating said print hammers to print the alternate compared characters,v saidY actuating means being energized by the next successive sprocket pulse; said next successive sprocket pulse causing said comparing means to compare the alternate ones of said input character signals, not previously compared, with said stored coded signals and to store said comparisons; the successive sprocket pulse associated with a successive code signal causing said last named stored comparisons to actuate said print hammers to print said last named alternate characters.

6. A printer comprising-a cylindrical typewheel having type elements in rows which are parallel to the axis of said typewheel, there being two adjacent rows of type for each diierent character to be printed, said adjacent rows of said typewheel having said type elements staggered so that alternate rowsl of said typewheel carry alternate columns of said type elements; a plurality of print hammers parallel to the axis of saidV typewheel; corresponding to the numbery of columns of type of elements, for striking paper to be printed against said typewheel; a code generator for providing a coded signal in timed relation with the angular position of said typewheel, said coded signal being generated at alternate rowsv of said typewheel, said signal corresponding to a type character to. subsequently appear adjacent to said hammers; a pulse generator coupled to said typewheel for producing sprocket pulses in timed relation with the angular position of said typewheel, said sprocket pulse being generated whenever a row of said type elements approach adjacent to said print hammers; means for storing said coded signal during alternate sprocket pulses,l means for providing input signals indicative of successive characters to be printed on one line of said paper; means for successively comparing alternate ones of said input character signals with said stored coded signals; means for storing said comparisons; and means for actuating said print hammers to print the alternate compared characters, said actuating means being energized by the next successive sprocket pulse; said next successive sprocket pulse causing said comparing means to compare the alternate ones of said input' character signals, not previously compared, with said stored coded signals and to store said comparisons; the successive sprocket pulse associated with a successive code signal causing said last named stored comparisons to actuate said print hammers to print said last named alternate characters.

7.' In a high speed printer including a cylindrical typewheel having type elements in rows which are parallel to the axis of said typewheel, there being two adjacent rows of type for each diiferent character to be printed, said adjacent rows of said typewheel having said type elements staggered so that alternate rows of said typewheel carry alternate columns of said type elements; and a plurality of print hammers parallel to the axis of said typewheel and in proximity to said typewheel, said plurality of hammers corresponding to the number of columns of type elements, and adapted to strike print paper against said typewheel; the improvement comprising means for receiving a train of input signals indicative of charactersl in one line of type; a code generator for' producing a coded signal in accordance with the next successive character on said typewheel to approach said print hammers; a pulse generator coupled to said typew'h'eel for producing pulses at twice the frequencyof said code signals; means for storing successive' code signals during successive alternate pulses; means for comparing alternate input signals with a stored coded signal duringalternate pulses; means for storing said alternate comparisons; means for actuating alternate ones of said print hammers associated with said alternate comparisons; means responsive to a rst set of alternate ones of said pulses to cause a irst set of alternate input signals to be compared, a rst set of alternate comparisons to be stored, and a first set of alternate print hammers to be energized; and means responsive to a second set of alternate ones of said pulses to cause a second set of alternate input signals to be compared, a second set of alternate comparisons to be stored, and a second set of alternate print hammers to be energized; `each of said second sets being diiierent from the corresponding first sets.

8'. In a high speed printer including a cylindrical typewheel having type elements in rows which are parallel to the axis of said typewheel, there being two adjacent rows of type for each different character to be printed, said adjacent rows of said typewheel having said typeV elements staggered so that alternate rows of' said typewheel carry alternate columns` of said type elements; and a plurality of print hammers parallel to the axis of said typewheel and in proximity to said typewheel, said plurality of hammers corresponding to the number of columns of type elements, and adapted to strike printA paper'against said typewheel; the improvement comprising means for receiving a train of input signals indica tive of successive characters in one line of type; a code generator for producing a coded signal in accordance with the next successive character on said typewheel to approach said print hammers; a pulse generator coupled to said typewheel for producing pulses at twice the frequency of said code signals; means for storing successive code signals during successive alternate pulses; means for comparing alternate input signals with a stored coded signal during alternate pulses; means for storing said alternate comparisons; means for actuating alternate ones of `said print hammers associated with said alternate comparisons; means responsive to a first set of alternate ones of said pulses to cause a iirst set of alternate input signals to be compared, a rst set of alternate comparisons to be stored, and a first set of alternate print hammers to be energized; and means responsive to a second setof alternate ones of said pulses to cause a second set of alternate input signals to be compared, a second set of alternate comparisons to be stored, and a second set of alternate print hammers to be energized, each of said second sets being different from the corresponding first sets.

9. In a high speed printer including a cylindrical typewheel having type elements in rows which are parallel to the axis of said typewheel, there being two adjacent rows of type for each different character to be printed, said adjacent rows of said typewheel having said type elements staggered so that alternate ro-ws of said typewheel carry alternate columns of said type elements; and a plurality of print hammers parallel to the axis of said typewheel and in proximity to said typewheel, said plurality of hammers corresponding to the number of columns of type elements, and adapted to strike print paper against said typewheel; the improvement comprising means for providing a train of input signals indicative of successive characters in one line of type; a code generator coupled to said typewheel for producing a coded signal in accordance with the next successive character on said typewheel to approach said print hammers; a pulse generator coupled to said typewheel for producing pulses at twice the frequency of said code signals; means for storing successive code signals during successive alternate pulses; means for comparing alternate input signals with a stored coded signal during alternate pulses; means for storing said alternate comparisons; means for actuating alternate ones of said print hammers associated with said alternate comparisons; means responsive to a first set of alternate ones of said pulses to cause a first set of alternate input signals to be compared, a first set of alternate comparisons to be stored, and a first set of alternate print hammers to be energized; and means responsive to a second set of alternate ones of said pulses to cause a second set of alternate input signals to be compared, a second set of alternate comparisons to be stored, and a second set of alternate print hammers to be energized, each of said second sets being different from the corresponding lirst sets.

10. In a high speed printer including a cylindrical typewheel-having type elements in rows which are parallel tothe axis of said typewheel, there Vbeing two adjacent rows of type for each different character to be printed, said adjacent rows of said typewheel having said type elements staggered so that alternate rows of said typewheel carry alternate columns of said type elements; and a plurality of print hammers parallel to the axis of said typewheel and in proximity to said typewheel, said plurality of hammers corresponding to the number of columns of type elements, and adapted to strike print paper against said typewheel; the improvement comprising means for providing a train of input signals indicative of successive characters in one line of type; a code glenerator coupled to said typewheel for producing a coded signal corresponding to the'next successive character on 20 Y said Vtypewheel to approach said print hammers; a'pulse generator adapted to provide a first and a 'second pulse following the production of a coded signal; means for storing successive code signals; means `for comparing alternate input signals with a 'stored coded signal during alternate pulses;'rncans for storing said alternate comparisons; means for actuating alternate ones of said print hammers associated with said alternate print comparisons; means responsive to said first pulses to cause said successive code signals to be stored, to cause a first set of alternate input signals to be compared, toV cause a first set of alternate comparisons to be stored, and to cause a first set of alternate print hammers to be actuated; and

means responsive to said second pulses to cause a secondk set of alternate input signals to be compared,rto cause a second set of alternate comparisons to be stored, and to cause a second set of alternate print hammers to be actuated; said first sets being different than the corresponding second sets.

1l. In a high speed printer including a cylindrical typewheel having type elements in rows which are parallel to the axis of said typewheel, there being two adjacent rows of type for each different character to be printed, said adjacent rows of said typewheel having said type elements staggered so that alternate rows of said typewheel carry alternate columns of said type elements; and a plurality of print hammers parallel to the axis of said typewheel and in proximity to said typewheel, said plurality of hammers corresponding to the number of columns of type elements, and adapted to strike print paper against said typewheel; the improvement comprising means for receiving a train of input signals indicative of successive characters in one line of type; a code generator for producing a coded signal corresponding to the next successive character on said typewheel to approach said print hammers; a pulse generator adapted to provide a first and a second pulse following the production of a coded signal; means for storing successive code signals; means for comparing alternate input signals with a stored coded signal during alternate pulses; means for storing said alternate comparisons; means for actuating alternate ones of said print hammers associated with said alternate print comparisons; means responsive to said first pulses to cause said successive code signals to be stored, Vto cause a first set of alternate pulses to be compared, to cause a first set of alternate comparisons to be stored, and to cause a first set of alternate print hammers Vto be energized; and means responsive to said second pulses to cause a second set of alternate pulses to be compared, to cause a second set of alternate comparisons to be stored, and to cause a second set of alternate print hammers to be energized; said first sets being different than the corresponding second sets.

12. -In an electronic digital computer system wherein v there is included a rotatable magnetic drum for storing, in coded signal form, data to be processed and processed data as well; the combination of a high speed printer mechanism for printing out data stored on said drum, and means for repeatedly reading the data to be printed from said drum duringeach revolution thereof, said high speed printer mechanism comprising a rotatable typewheel carrying rows and columns of type elements arranged in a staggered checkerboard fashion, each two adjacent rows of typetelements carrying like character elements; means for storing code representations of said character elements, one character at a time; means for comparing said data read from said drum with said code representations in said storage means; means for storing comparisons of one alternate series of comparisons at one time and for storing comparisons of a second alternate series of comparisons at another time; and means coupled to said storage means for printing paper by corresponding type elements. Y t

13. In an electronic digital computer system wherein there is included a rotatable magnetic drum for storing,

in coded signal form, data to be processed and processed data as well; the combination of a high speed printer mechanism for printing out data stored on said drum, means for reading the data to be printed out at a predetermined location on said drum, and means for repeatedly reading the data to be printed from said drum during each revolution thereof, said high speed printer mechanism comprising a typewheel having type elements in a staggered relationship wherein alternate rows of type elements print alternate columns of print; a plurality of print hammers for actuation against said type elements corresponding in number to the number of columns on said typewheel; a code generator coupled to said typewheel for storing coded representations of characters on said type- Wheel; means for comparing the said data read out repeatedly with said stored coded representation for two sets of comparisons; means for storing, selectively by signals from said typewheel, one set of comparisons and then the other set; and means for actuating print hammers corresponding to one set of comparisons and then the other.

14. A printer comprising a cylindrical typewheel having, type elements in rows which are parallel to the axis of said typewheel, there being two adjacent rows of type for each different character to be printed, said adjacent rows of said typewheel having said type elements staggered so that alternate rows of said typewheel carry alternate columns of said type elements; wherein there appears in sequential order a row of type elements having characters of a first kind in a first alternate relationship, a row of type elements having characters of said first kind in a second alternate relationship, a row of type elements having characters of a second kind in said first alternate relationship, a row of type elements of said second kind in said second relationship, a row of type elements having characters of a third kind in said first alternate relationship, and a row of type elements having characters of said third kind in said second alternate relationship; a row of print hammers corresponding to the number of said columns parallel to said axis for actuation against corresponding characters of the respective columns, alternate ones of said print hammers being adapted to strike type elements in said first alternate relationship and other of said print hammers adapted to strike type elements in said second alternate relationship; a code generator coupled to said typewheel and adapted to generate code representations at a time after said first alternate relationship and before said second alternate relationship of type elements passes by said print hammers; said generator producing a code of said second kind when said type elements of said first kind is in proximity to said chamrners, a code of said third kind when said type elements of said second kind is in proximity to said hammers, and a code of a fourth kind when said type elements of said third kind is in proximity to said hammers; means for generating a pulse whenever a row of type elements is in registration with said hammers; a `code storage means for storing said code of said second kind during the period from said rst character kind second alternate relationship pulse to said second character kind second alternate relationship pulse, for storing said code of said third kind during the period from said second character kind second alternate relationshipy pulse to said third character kind second alternate relationship pulse, and for storing said code of said fourth kind during the period from said third character kind second alternate relationship pulse to a fourth character kind second alternate relationship pulse; means for providing a train of input signals indicative of successive characters in one line of type, said successive signals corresponding to successive print hammers, wherein said print hammers adapted to strike said first alternate type elements have a relationship to a first set of input signals and said print hammers adapted to strike said second alternate type elements have a relationship to a second set of input signals whereby said first and said second sets of input signals comprise said train of input signals; means for comparing the code stored in said storage means with said first set of input signals during the odd period from said second alternate relationship pulse associated with said stored code to the immediately following first alternate relationship pulse, and for comparing the code stored in said storage means with said second set of input signals during the even period from said immediately following first alternate relationship pulse to the second alternate relationship pulse immediately following; means for successively storing said comparisons of said first set of input signals during said odd period and said comparisons of said second set of input signals during said even period; and means for reading out of said comparison sotrage at every second alternate pulse rto actuate said hammers corresponding to said sec'- ond staggered relationship type elements and for reading out of said comparison storage at every second alternate pulse to actuate said hammers corresponding to said first alternate relationship type elements; whereby said second character kind second alternate relationship pulse causes said hammers to print, corresponding to the input signals, all said first kind of characters of said second alternate relation and to store comparisons of said second character kind of said first alternate relationship; and whereby said third character kind first alternate relationship pulse causes said hammers to print, corresponding to the input signals, all said second character kind of said first alternate relationship and to store comparisons of said second character kind of said second alternate relationship.

l5. In a high speed printer including a cylindrical typewheel having type elements in rows which are parallel to the axis of said typewheel, there being n adjacent rows of type for each different character to be printed, said adjacent rows of said typewheel having said type elements staggered so that n adjacent rows of said typewheel carry one of said type elements for every column of said typewheel; and a plurality of print hammers parallel to the axis of said typewheel and in proximity to said typewheel, said plurality of hammers corresponding to the number of columns of type elements, and adapted to strike print paper against said typewheel; the improvement comprising means for providing a train of input signals indicative of successive characters in one line of type; a code generator coupled to said typewheel for producing a coded signal corresponding to the next successive character on said typewheel to approach said print hammers; a pulse generator adapted to provide n pulses following the production of a coded signal; means for storing successive code signals; means for comparing every nth input signal with a stored coded signal at every 11th pulse; means for storing said every nth comparisons; means for actuating every nth ones of said print hammers associated with said every nth print comparisons; means responsive to the first of said nth pulses to cause said successive code signals to be stored, to cause a first set of every nth input signals Kto be compared, to cause a rst set of every nth comparisons to be stored, and to cause a first set of every nth print hammers to be actuated, and means responsive to the second of said nth pulses to cause a second set of every nth input signals to be compared, to cause a second set of every nth comparisons to be stored, and to cause a second set of every nth print hammers to be actuated; said first sets being different than the corresponding second sets; wherein n is an integer greater than one.

16. The improvement claimed in claim 15 wherein n is equal to two.

17. A printer comprising a cylindrical typewheel having type elements in rows which are parallel to the axis of said typewheel, there being n adjacent rows of type for each different character to be printed, said adjacent rows of said typewheel having said type elements staggered so that alternate n rows of said typewheel carry alternate n columns of said type elements wherein there appears in vorder a row of type elements having characters of a rst kind in a first staggered relationship, a row of type elements having characters of said first kind in an nth staggered rela-tionship, a row of type elements having characters of a second kind in said first staggered relationship, a row of type elements of said second kind in said nth staggered relationship, a row of type elements having characters of a third kind insaid first staggered relationship, and a row of type elements having characters of said third kind in said nth staggered relationship; a row of print hammers corresponding to the number of said columns parallel to said axis for actuation against corresponding characters of Ithe respective columns, alternate nth ones of said print hammers being adapted to strike type elements in said first staggered relationship and other alternate nth ones of said print hammers adapted to strike type elements in said nth staggered relationship; a code generator coupled to said typewheel and adapted to generate code representation at a time after said first staggered relationship and before said nth staggered relationship Yof type elements passes by said print hammers; said generator producing a code of said second kind when said type elements o-f said first kind is in proximity to said hammers, a code of said third kind when said type elements of saidl second kind is in proximity to said hammers, and a code of a fourth kind when said type elements of said third kind is in proximity to said hammers; means for generating a pulse whenever a row of type elements passes by said hammers; a code storage means for storing said code of said second kind during the period from said first character kind nth staggered relationship pulse to said second character kind nth staggered relationship pulse, for storing said code of said third kind during the period from said second character kind nth staggered relationship pulse to said third character kind nth staggered relationship pulse, and for storing said code of said-fourth kind during the period from said third character kind nth staggered relationship pulse tol a fourth character kind nth staggered relationship pulse; means for providing a train of input signals indicative of successive characters in one line of type, said successive signals corresponding to successive print hammers, wherein said print hammers adapted to strike said 24 first staggered type elements have a relationshtip 'to a first set of input signals and said print hammers adapted to strike said nth staggered type elements have a relationship to an nth set of input signals whereby said first and said nth sets of input signals comprise said train of input signals; means for comparing the code stored in said storage means with said first set of input signals during a first period from said nth staggered relationship pulse associated with said stored code to the immediately following first staggered relationship pulse, and for comparing the co-de stored in said storage means with said nth set of input signals during a second period from said immediately following first staggered relationship pulse to the second staggered relationship pulse immediately following; means for successively storing said comparisons of said first set of input signals during said first period and said comparisons of said nth set of input signals during an nth period; and means for reading out of said comparison storage at every nth staggered pulse to actuate said hammers corresponding to said nth staggered relationship type elements and for reading out of said comparison storage at every first staggered pulse to actuate said hammers corresponding to said first staggered relationship type elements; whereby said second character kind second staggered relationship pu-lse causes said hammers to print, corresponding to `the input signals, all said first kind of characters of said nth staggered relation and to store comparisons of said second character kind of said first staggered relationship; and whereby the pulse next following said second character kind second staggered relationship pulse causes said hammers' to print, corresponding to the input signals, all Vsaid second character kind of said first staggered Vrelationship and to store comparisons of said second character kind of said second staggered relationship.

18. The printer as claimed in claim 17, wherein n is equal to two.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,776,618 Hartley Jan. 8, 1957 2,799,222 Goldberg et al. July 16, 1957 

